基于事件的网络谣言研究

谣言自古有之，于今尤甚。随着网络坏极众手京如磁况诉技术的发展，日常生活中的谣言开始与网络相结合，并逐步展示出一些新的特点。国内学者对此进入发还铁训青因行了一系列的研究，而本文主要关注的是当前国内网络谣言来自的研究现状。本文对当前网络谣言研究的成果进行了总结，同时分析了学者们所运用的理论和采用的研究方法，宏观上把握我国当前网络谣言研究的大的方向，从360百科而提出我国学者可以继续研究的领域。

• 中文名称 基于事件的网络谣言研究
• 特点 数字化
• 分类 社会
• 领域 公共领域

中文摘要

　　在网络环境下，谣言来自的传播方式发生了根本的变化。作为传统谣言存在基础的人际传播和口头传播，已经被网络谣360百科言的传播网络化和内容数字化所标素场物界入双家逐取代。过去谣言要靠耳朵去"听"，现在则是用眼睛来"看"。这种转变意味着网络谣言可以在时间上存续和空间上延展，使网络谣言从私人社交的小圈子走向公共领域，由私人话题变成公众话题，网络谣言的社会性才像新闻性一样受到学者们的关注。网络谣言表现出来的巨大破坏作用在不断地挑战人们的认知极限，同时也引起了学者们的研究兴趣。

　　如果现在还固守传统谣言认知和理解不放，还认为是"一小撮别有用心"的人在造谣， "不明真相"的群众...>> 详细

　　在网络环境下，谣言的传播方式发生了根本的变化。作为传统谣言存在基础的人际传播和口头传播，已经被网络谣言的传播网络化和内容数字化所取代。过去谣言要靠耳朵去"听"，现在则参是用眼睛来"看"。这种转变意味着网络谣言可以在时间上存续和空间上延展，使网络谣言从私人社交的小圈子走向公共点月工根末脱士科领域，由私人话题变成公众话题，网络谣言的社会性才像新闻性一样受到学者们的关注。网络谣言表现出来的巨大破坏作用在不断地年陈达出议得被内众挑战人们的认知极限，同时也引起了学者们的研究兴趣。

　　如果现在还固守传统谣言认知和理解不放，还认为是"一小撮别有用心"的人在造谣， "不明真相"的群众相信和传播谣言，无异于闭目塞听。在网儿内怎络上我们看到的谣言，只是体现了谣言的新闻性。网络谣言具有双重属性，除了新闻性，还有社会性。网络谣言的社会战圆正苏族跟搞春树牛黄性表现在，微观上是社会公众内心情绪的投射，或者是内心刻板成见的反应;宏观上是一种群体选择，反应的是群体共识和社会焦虑，是在特定的时期和社会背景下，公众的社会心态使然。只有认识到网络谣言的社会性，才会以社会整体的视角和高度来观察和研究网络谣言现象和网络谣言传播，才能关注到谣言背后的内在联系，而不再把网络谣言视为孤立事件。

　　文章采用了社会网络分析和过程事件分析两种研究方法。通过社会网络分析方法找到了30个网络谣言者则川价香察案例之间的关联关系，发现这些网络谣言案例本来就是一个犯又引有机的整体。作为网络谣言载体的这些公众事件，彼此关联的建上销降强弱就是社会焦虑程度的反应。再通过52个网络谣言关键词之间的关联关系，以及它们与中心关键词所重八波证朝蒸类组成一个个可视化的图形网络，投射出公众整体的社会心态和社会焦虑。这是那些网络谣言个案研究无论如何也做不到的。

　　将这些社会心态与"社会心态蓝皮书"报告进行比较，发现尽管数据来源和研究方法不同，但两者关于我国公众社会心态的结论是基本一致的，说明基于社会网络分析得出的社会心态结论具有可靠性和代表性。这不仅是当前我国公固一商花孔落众的社会心态或者识谈展侵华措味决第刘社会焦虑的揭示，还可以读懂了网络谣言背后的潜台示词，了解到网络谣言传播无意识的内在动力。

　　揭示了网络谣言背后的社会存在，就可以进一步了解网络谣言扩散传播的一般规律物算粉，以便采取有效的应对措施。网络谣言扩散传播规律的认识，源于网络谣言典型案例的"过程一事件分析"。这种分析方法将研究的对象由静态的结构转向由若干事件所构成的动态过程，也就是分析网络谣言过程中细节因素对整个事件的发展与走向所产生的影响，据此总结出网络谣日苏院认太言扩散传播的一般路径，并提出了网络谣言"三级扩散"的发展模式。

　　按照"三级扩散"发展模式，网络谣言的传播扩散过程依次为动员阶段、移情阶段和扩散阶段。动论品促最许线沙山保跑员阶段是要公众知道发生了什么事件，并了解公众对事件的态度，以确定谣言未战失风取来发展和走向。移情阶段是将网络谣言指向公众普遍关心的一个社会问题，尽管这个问题表面上与事件本身无关，但它反应的是一种普遍存在的社会心态和社会焦虑，或是公众内心的刻板成见。扩散酒快唱阶段是从一种社会情绪扩散到其它更多的社会情绪，与移情阶段单一社会问题不同的是，它反应了更多的社会问题。"三级扩散"由一个阶段进入下一个阶段之前，都存在遏止网络谣言发展的时间窗口，也是阻止网络谣言升级的最佳时机。

　　网络谣言的存在具有现实的合理性与正当性，并非意味着人们在网络谣言面前无能为力。当我们不能直接影响或控制网络谣言产生的外部环境时，就应该采取"次级控制"策略，试图理解和解释正在发生的事情，取得解释性控制，"三级扩散"模式中的时间窗口是对网络谣言取得解释性控制的最佳时机。解释正在发生的事情时，应注意遵循如下原则:关注公众利益诉求、权威第三方进行解释、第一时间出面解释、信息公开透明、说话留有余地、口径一致原则和情感原则。现行适用于网络谣言的法律还存在一些不足，比如适用法律不清、处罚主体不明、惩戒客体不清和量刑弹性过大等，只有完善了适用于网络谣言的法律体系，才能让散布谣言的行为得到惩戒，才能更有效地遏止网络谣言的传播。

　　关键词:网络谣言 公众事件 社会心态 社会焦虑 网络传播

外文摘要

　　Under the environment of Internet, the transmission of rumors has been changed radically. Interpersonal communication and oral communication which used to be the basis of traditional rumors have been replaced by Internet transmission and digital content of Internet rumors. In the past rumors were "heard" by ears, now "read" by eyes. The change means Internet rumors can be extended in time and space, from private social circle to public area, from private talk to open subject, making the social...>> 详细

　　Under the environment of Internet, the transmission of rumors has been changed radically. Interpersonal communication and oral communication which used to be the basis of traditional rumors have been replaced by Internet transmission and digital content of Internet rumors. In the past rumors were "heard" by ears, now "read" by eyes. The change means Internet rumors can be extended in time and space, from private social circle to public area, from private talk to open subject, making the sociality of the Internet rumors draw as much attention as its news nature among scholars. The devastating of Internet rumors not only challenged people''s cognitive limits but also attracted scholars'' research interest

　　In nowadays, it is out reach of reality if adhered to the knowledge and understanding of traditional rumors and believed that "a small number of people with ulterior motives" are making rumors and masses "with no idea of the truth" believe and spread rumors. Rumors we read on the Internet only reflect the news nature. However, Internet rumors are with two characters including news nature and sociality nature. The sociality nature of rumors reflects the projection of inner emotions of the public or their inner response to rigid stereotypes in micro way; or the group choice, reflecting group consensus and social suspense which come from the social mentality of the public in a particular time and social background in macro way. Only if we recognize the sociality nature of Internet rumors can we observe and study Internet rumor and its transmission and find out the inherence behind rumors without regarding Internet rumors as isolated incident

　　This assay have used two kinds of research methods, which are Social Network Analysis and Process-Incident Analysis. The assay discovers the correlation of 30 cases of Internet rumors through the way of Social Network Analysis and finds out that all the cases turned out to be an organic whole. As the carrier of Internet rumors, the correlation of all the public affairs reflects social suspense. The assay also projects social mentality and social suspense of overall public through visualized graphical networks from the association of 52 keywords of Internet rumors and center keywords, which the individual case of Internet rumors can never make.

　　Comparing these social mentalities with the report of ANNUAL REPORT ON SOCIAL MENTANLITY IN CHINA, we can find that though with different data sources and research approaches, both drew mostly the same conclusion on public social mentality in China, which shows the reliability and representative of social mentality based on Social Network Analysis. It not only reveals the social mentality or social suspense of the public but also helps read the subtext behind the Internet rumors and understand unconscious intrinsic motivation of Internet rumors transmission.

　　If we reveal the social existence behind Internet rumors, we can further understand the general law of transmission and diffusion of Internet rumors to take effective measures to deal with. The understanding of law of the transmission and diffusion of Internet rumors comes from the "Process-Incident Analysis" of the typical cases of Internet rumors. The analysis turns the research object from static structure to dynamic process of a number of affairs, which is to analyze the impacts on the development and trend of the entire affairs made through details in the process of Internet rumors, thus to summarize the general approach of spreading and diffusing internet rumors and put forward the development mode of the "Three Diffusion" of Internet rumors.

　　In the light of the development mode of "Three Diffusion", the spread and diffusion of Internet rumors can be divided into three phases including mobilization phase, transference phase and diffusion phase. Mobilization phase is to make public understood what happened and to find out what attitude the public towards the affair, thus to ascertain the development and trend of the rumors. Transference phase is to attribute Internet rumors to a social problem generally concerned by public. Though on the surface it has nothing to do with the affair itself, it reflects the prevailing social mentality and social suspense or the rigid stereotype in the public mind. Diffusion phase is to spread from one social mood to other social moods, reflecting more social problems, which is different from the single social problem of the transference phase. There will be a time window to stop the development of Internet rumors before one phase steps into the other phase, which is the best time to prevent Internet rumors from updating.

　　The existence of Internet rumors is of practical rationality and legitimacy, which doesn''t mean people are powerless before Internet rumors. When we cannot directly influence or control the exterior environment of Internet rumors, we should adopt "Secondary Control" strategy which is to try to understand and interpret what is happening to obtain explanatory control during the time window of the "Three Diffusion" mode, the best time to obtain explanatory control. When explaining what is happening, the following rules should be follow, including primacy of public interest principle, authorized third party disclose principle, first time response principle, information transparency principle, leeway principle, consistency principle and emotion principle. There are still some shortcomings of the existing laws applied in internet rumors, such as the applicable laws are unclear, the punishment subject is unknown; the punishment object is unclear, the flexibility of sentencing is to much and so on. Only if we perfect the legal system for Internet rumors can we punish and prevent the behavior of spreading rumors and effectively stop the transmission.

　　[Keywords]

　　Internet Rumor, Public Affairs, Social Mentality, Social Suspense, Internet Communication